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Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is...
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Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
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Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

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Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
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Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield
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Lignin-functionalized hypercrosslinked polymers for phenol removal from aqueous solutions.

Xiaoru Xie1, Manying Li1, Dexuan Xiang2

  • 1College of Chemistry and Materials, Huaihua University, Huaihua, 418000, PR China.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|March 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed lignin-functionalized hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs) for efficient phenol removal from wastewater. These novel adsorbents demonstrate high capacity and reusability, offering an eco-friendly solution for water purification.

Keywords:
Friedel-crafts alkylationHypercrosslinked polymersLigninPhenol adsorption

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Phenol contamination in water poses significant environmental and health risks.
  • Developing efficient and sustainable adsorbents for phenol removal is crucial for wastewater treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize lignin-functionalized hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs-Fe and HCPs-Al) for effective phenol adsorption.
  • To evaluate the adsorption performance, kinetics, thermodynamics, and reusability of the developed materials.

Main Methods:

  • Lignin grafting onto chloromethylated polystyrene followed by Friedel-Crafts alkylation.
  • Characterization using FT-IR, XPS, XRD, TGA, SEM, TEM, and N₂ adsorption-desorption.
  • Phenol adsorption experiments, kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies, and regeneration tests.

Main Results:

  • HCPs-Fe and HCPs-Al exhibited hierarchical porosity with high surface areas (421 m²/g and 215 m²/g, respectively).
  • Adsorption capacities reached 172.8 mg/g (HCPs-Fe) and 135.3 mg/g (HCPs-Al) at 293 K.
  • Adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and Freundlich isotherm models, indicating exothermic adsorption.
  • HCPs-Fe maintained 90.8% capacity after five regeneration cycles.

Conclusions:

  • Lignin-functionalized HCPs are efficient, reusable adsorbents for phenol removal from aqueous media.
  • The synergistic effects of hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, and micropore filling contribute to high adsorption capacity.
  • This approach offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution for treating phenol-contaminated wastewater.