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Inner-filter-induced bias in fluorescence-based hydroxyl radical dosimetry using terephthalic acid.

Van-Phuoc Thai1, Toru Sasaki2

  • 1Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, HCMC University of Technology and Engineering, Ho Chi Minh city, 71307, Viet Nam.

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|March 9, 2026
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Summary

Terephthalic acid (TA) fluorescence measurements for hydroxyl radical (OH) quantification are biased by plasma-generated by-products. These interferents cause inner filter effects, leading to underestimated OH radical yields in plasma-liquid systems.

Keywords:
Fluorescence dosimetryHydroxyl radical quantificationInner filter effectsOptical artifactsPlasma–liquid interactionsTerephthalic acid assay

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Plasma Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Fluorescence-based terephthalic acid (TA) dosimetry is a standard method for quantifying hydroxyl radicals (OH) in aqueous solutions.
  • This technique relies on the assumption of stable optical properties and exclusive fluorescence from 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid (2-hTA).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the validity of TA dosimetry under plasma-liquid interaction conditions.
  • To identify and characterize interferents affecting OH radical quantification in plasma-treated systems.

Main Methods:

  • Spectroscopic analysis including excitation-emission mapping.
  • High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM).
  • Assessment of inner filter effects on fluorescence signals.

Main Results:

  • Plasma exposure of TA solutions generates light-absorbing by-products with low fluorescence quantum yield.
  • These by-products induce primary and secondary inner filter effects, attenuating excitation and reabsorbing emission.
  • Carbonaceous nanostructures formed during plasma treatment were identified as significant interferents, causing systematic underestimation of OH radical yields.

Conclusions:

  • Fluorescence-based TA dosimetry is fundamentally limited in plasma-treated systems due to optical artifacts.
  • Inner filter effects caused by plasma-generated by-products lead to inaccurate OH radical quantification.
  • Accounting for these effects or using complementary diagnostics is crucial for reliable OH radical measurements in such systems.