Complications of Laser and Energy-Based Procedures in Dermatology: Classification, Management, and Prevention

Laser and energy-based devices (EBDs) are firmly established in dermatology and widely used for both medical and aesthetic purposes. Even with advanced safety features such as integrated cooling and real-time monitoring, these procedures still carry inherent risks. Complications may occur as a result of inappropriate device choice, suboptimal parameter settings, insufficient patient evaluation, or limited operator experience. This CME article provides an overview of the spectrum of adverse events associated with dermatologic laser and EBD treatments, ranging from expected short-term reactions to late complications, including pigmentary alterations, scarring, and ocular injury. Strategies for prevention and management are outlined, with particular attention to the importance of patient selection, treatment planning, and post-procedure care. In addition, regulatory frameworks in Germany, such as the Verordnung zum Schutz vor schädlichen Wirkungen nichtionisierender Strahlung bei der Anwendung am Menschen (NiSV), and initiatives like the complications registry of the German Dermatological Society of Laser Medicine are highlighted as important measures to enhance patient safety. A comprehensive understanding of potential risks and their mitigation is essential to ensure safe practice and optimize clinical outcomes in laser dermatology.