Related Experiment Video
Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster
Published on: June 30, 2011
Beyond the Needle: Reimagining Insulin Delivery and the Evolution of Inhaled Insulins
Prasanna Kumar K M1, Vijay Viswanathan2,3, Banshi Saboo4
1Department of Endocrinology, Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Care (CDEC), Bengaluru, IND.
None:
Insulin has been around for a century since its discovery and has seen multiple innovations to improve its pharmacokinetic profile, thus impacting its efficacy, safety, and patient compliance. Despite its powerful glycemic efficacy, the use of insulin has remained sub-optimal owing mainly to the invasive route of administration and associated barriers. Non-invasive insulin development has been one of the highly researched fields in diabetes management. Amongst the various non-invasive routes investigated for insulin delivery, the pulmonary route has been among the most evaluated ones - a route that has yielded the only existing non-invasive option, inhaled insulin. Technosphere® insulin (Afrezza®; Mannkind Corporation, Danbury, CT, USA) is the only available inhaled insulin that has regulatory approval for the treatment of adult individuals with diabetes mellitus and has been available for more than a decade. This review article provides an overview of the pulmonary route of administration and charts the developmental journey of inhaled insulins, with a focus on Technosphere® insulin.
Related Concept Videos
Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Inhaled Medications
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
Insulin Secretory Vesicles
Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

