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Related Concept Videos

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems01:26

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Continuous-release drug delivery systems offer a strategic approach to maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods following oral administration. By modulating the release rate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, these systems minimize fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which enhances clinical efficacy and reduces the need for frequent dosing. Such characteristics make them particularly advantageous in managing chronic diseases where patient adherence and stable drug...
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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2,...
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Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Overview01:19

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Modified-release dosage forms are designed to address the limitations of drugs with short biological half-lives. These forms maintain stable therapeutic drug concentrations over extended periods, reducing the need for frequent dosing. A consistent drug level helps minimize peak-trough fluctuations, which can reduce adverse effects, lower the risk of drug resistance, and improve overall treatment effectiveness.One common type of modified-release form is the extended-release (ER) formulation. ER...
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Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Drug Release Characteristics01:22

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Drug release from modified-release dosage forms is designed to achieve specific therapeutic effects by controlling the rate and extent of drug release. The classification of these drug release systems is based on key pharmacokinetic assumptions: drug disposition follows first-order kinetics, drug release is the rate-limiting step in absorption, and the released drug is rapidly and completely absorbed.There are four major models of drug release patterns. The first model is the slow zero-order...
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Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Updated: Mar 10, 2026

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training
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Medications for OUD: Extended-Release Naltrexone.

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Extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) is an effective first-line treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), comparable to buprenorphine. Managing withdrawal and ensuring compliance are key to mitigating relapse and overdose risks with XR-NTX.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Addiction Medicine
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic, relapsing condition with severe health consequences.
  • Extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) is an FDA-approved medication for OUD treatment.
  • Evidence supports XR-NTX's efficacy and its use in diverse patient populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature supporting XR-NTX for OUD.
  • To identify limitations and challenges associated with XR-NTX treatment.
  • To propose future research directions for XR-NTX in OUD management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of randomized controlled trials and clinical studies.
  • Analysis of XR-NTX efficacy in various populations and substance use disorders.
  • Examination of treatment induction and discontinuation challenges.

Main Results:

  • XR-NTX demonstrates efficacy comparable to buprenorphine in head-to-head trials.
  • XR-NTX is effective in vulnerable populations including adolescents, criminal justice offenders, and HIV-infected patients.
  • XR-NTX shows efficacy for alcohol use disorder and, with bupropion, methamphetamine use disorder.

Conclusions:

  • XR-NTX is a first-line pharmacotherapeutic option for OUD with demonstrated efficacy.
  • Managing opioid withdrawal during induction is crucial for successful XR-NTX initiation.
  • Addressing challenges like relapse and overdose upon discontinuation is essential for long-term patient outcomes.