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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

43
Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
43

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Combining Peripheral Nerve Grafting and Matrix Modulation to Repair the Injured Rat Spinal Cord
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Systemic Interleukin-4 Application Promotes Functional Recovery and Reprograms Neuroinflammatory and Molecular

Obada Taleb Alhalabi1,2, Stefan Heene1,2, Guoli Zheng1,2

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.

Theranostics
|March 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Systemic Interleukin-4 (IL-4) therapy improved functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats by reducing inflammation and promoting tissue repair. This suggests IL-4 is a promising therapeutic candidate for SCI patients.

Keywords:
IL-4Spinal cord injurycytokinesfunctional recoveryneuroinflammationtranscriptomics

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers detrimental inflammation, hindering recovery.
  • Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine with potential benefits in SCI, but mechanisms are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate systemic IL-4 therapy for enhancing recovery and modulating neuroinflammation in a rat SCI model.
  • To examine the translational relevance of cytokine signatures in human SCI.

Main Methods:

  • Rats with SCI received IL-4 or vehicle treatment.
  • Functional recovery was assessed using BBB scores, CatWalk XT, and gridwalk tests.
  • Spinal cords and serum were analyzed using multi-omics and cytokine profiling, compared with human SCI patient data.

Main Results:

  • IL-4 treatment significantly improved functional recovery and gait parameters.
  • IL-4 therapy promoted M2-macrophage polarization, reduced M1-macrophages, and decreased lesion size.
  • Systemic IL-4 suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine surges, correlating with better outcomes in human SCI patients.

Conclusions:

  • Systemic IL-4 administration promotes functional recovery post-SCI by modulating immune responses and neuroinflammation.
  • IL-4 therapy supports tissue repair, reduces glial scarring, and preserves oligodendrocytes.
  • Multi-omics and patient data support IL-4 as a therapeutic candidate for SCI.