Biomimetic Cell Membrane-coated Nanovaccines in Anti-tumor Immunotherapy

Biomimetic nanovaccines have recently emerged as a frontier in vaccine development. These nanovaccines are designed to structurally and morphologically mimic natural pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and certain eukaryotic cells. Engineered to replicate pathogenic surface characteristics, these nanoplatforms improve targeted delivery to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and prolong systemic circulation, which in turn enhances antigen presentation and promotes stronger adaptive immune activation. The preparation process for biomimetic nanovaccines is also highlighted, involving isolating and purifying source cell membrane, encapsulation of synthetic nanoparticle core, and verifying. Additionally, this study offers a thorough evaluation of various biomimetic nanovaccines, particularly those with cell membrane coatings derived from tumor cells, immune cells, or bacteria. Furthermore, we also assess their capabilities when combined with common treatment modalities, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, chemotherapy, and photothermal therapy, to achieve anti-tumor effects. The study also discusses the path to clinical translation and existing challenges in manufacturing, safety, and regulatory approval.