Biosensors for the detection of arthropod-borne veterinary viruses: A comprehensive review

Veterinary arboviruses pose serious threats to animal health, especially in endemic areas. Traditional methods used for the diagnosis of these viruses are expensive, time-consuming, and require specialized personnel. This review discusses biosensor technologies for veterinary arboviruses, analyzing specific targets, mechanisms, sensitivity, specificity, and utility for use in the field. The remaining gaps were also mentioned. A comprehensive literature search was carried out in the major databases from 2015 to 2025. We used the keywords "Biosensing Technologies"Arboviruses," "Veterinary Medicine," "Viral Diseases," and "Point-of-Care Systems," and names of veterinary arbovirus families and their viruses. The findings reveal that biosensors have shown great sensitivity, specificity, and fast detection for various veterinary arbovirus families in the field. The technologies used were electrochemical, optical, CRISPR-based, and microfluidic formats, which are often improved by the use of nanomaterials and smartphone integration. The platforms directed against Japanese encephalitis, Rift Valley fever, and African swine fever had the lowest detection limits of femtomolar and also had the capability for multiplexing. Nevertheless, the technological development of biosensors remains restricted to a few viruses only, thus revealing substantial veterinary diagnostic gaps. Overall, biosensors have great potential in veterinary virology, with the capability of early diagnosis and, consequently, better outbreak response. Many of these sensors are specific, sensitive, and portable, making them great options for point-of-care applications. Future attention should be given to less-studied viruses, large-scale field validation, and multitarget biosensing platforms to improve veterinary surveillance globally.