Oral hygiene management in critically ill patients: prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia

Oral hygiene in critically ill patients in intensive care is essential for preventing infectious complications, particularly ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), which is one of the most severe and frequent complications in these units. The management of oral health can reduce bacterial load and the risk of respiratory infections.

This study analyzes oral hygiene management strategies in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation through a systematic literature review following the PRISMA-ScR method. Studies published from 2000 to 2023 were examined, focusing on the comparison between mechanical plaque removal interventions and the use of chlorhexidine against other measures.

The results highlight that the combined use of mechanical plaque removal and chlorhexidine significantly reduces the incidence of VAP and improves oral hygiene. The analysis of the evidence suggests that standardized protocols and a multidisciplinary approach, including collaboration with dental specialists, can optimize oral health in these critically ill patients.

The collected evidence underscores the importance of oral hygiene management not only to reduce the risk of VAP but also to improve the overall well-being of patients in intensive care. It is crucial to consider each patient's specific conditions, including comorbidities, to implement personalized interventions that minimize associated risks. Despite promising results, further investigation is needed regarding the optimization of oral hygiene techniques and the standardization of protocols to ensure uniformity in clinical practices.

The findings support the importance of adequate oral hygiene management in intensive care to reduce the risk of respiratory infections, emphasizing the need for continued research and the development of evidence-based practices that enhance clinical outcomes.