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Fish Sperm Assessment Using Software and Cooling Devices
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Pilot evaluation of sperm mobility for boar fertility classification using machine learning.

Kayla M Mills1, Amanda M Minton2, J M Magee3

  • 1US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC), Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.

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|March 9, 2026
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Summary

Predicting boar fertility is challenging. A sperm mobility assay showed moderate success in classifying boars by conception rate, offering a potential new tool for swine reproduction. Further validation is needed.

Keywords:
fertility predictionmachine learningsemen qualityswine

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Science
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Veterinary Medicine

Background:

  • Standard boar semen quality measures (motility, morphology) inadequately predict fertility.
  • Subfertile boars reduce swine industry reproductive efficiency and cause economic losses.
  • Accurate fertility prediction tools are needed to complement existing assessments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the predictive potential of the sperm mobility assay for classifying boars based on conception rate (CR).
  • To assess the relationship between sperm mobility and CR in commercial Duroc boars.
  • To explore the utility of mobility and computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) parameters for fertility prediction.

Main Methods:

  • Breeding doses from 21 Duroc boars (11 high CR, 10 low CR) were analyzed for mobility and CASA parameters.
  • Semen samples were stored at 17°C after overnight shipping and analyzed over three weekly replicates.
  • Binomial logistic regression and random forest algorithms were used to evaluate predictive models.

Main Results:

  • Sperm mobility was significantly associated with CR (r=0.47, P=0.03) and moderately predicted fertility group (AUC=0.77, P<0.01).
  • The model correctly ranked boars by CR group 77% of the time, improving to 83% when including stud as an interaction.
  • Mobility reflected sperm kinematics (e.g., ALH, LIN) and Sperm Wobble (WOB) was significant for both CR and mobility.

Conclusions:

  • The sperm mobility assay shows promise as a tool to improve boar fertility prediction in the swine industry.
  • Mobility, reflecting flagellar function and membrane physiology, may serve as a broader semen quality indicator.
  • Further validation in larger, diverse populations is essential before commercial application of mobility-based fertility prediction.