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Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions01:20

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Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...
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Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement01:57

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Compounds bearing two hydroxyl groups are known as diols. When the hydroxyl groups are located on adjacent carbon atoms, the diols are called vicinal diols or glycols. Under acidic conditions, vicinal diols undergo a specific reaction called pinacol rearrangement.
The reaction begins with transferring a proton from the acid catalyst to one of the hydroxyl groups, producing an oxonium ion.
4.3K
ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

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All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
7.8K
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

3.4K
Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
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[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction01:16

[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction

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The Diels–Alder reaction is an example of a thermal pericyclic reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene or alkyne, commonly referred to as a dienophile. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six π electrons, four from the diene and two from the dienophile, forming an unsaturated six-membered ring. As a result, these reactions are classified as [4+2] cycloadditions.
13.4K
Diels–Alder Reaction: Characteristics of Dienes01:29

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5.6K
The Diels–Alder reaction brings together a diene and a dienophile to form a six-membered ring. Both components have unique characteristics that influence the rate of the reaction.
Characteristics of the diene
Conformation
The simplest example of a diene is 1,3-butadiene, an acyclic conjugated π system. At room temperature, the molecule exists as a mixture of s-cis and s-trans conformers by virtue of rotation around the carbon–carbon single bond. Although the s-trans isomer is more stable,...
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Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy
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Boosting PVC reactivity through iodination for CO2-derived functionalization.

Juliette Delcorps1, Emna Ben Ayed1, Olivier Coulembier1

  • 1Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Centre of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers, University of Mons Place du Parc 23 7000 Mons Belgium olivier.coulembier@umons.ac.be.

RSC Advances
|March 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a greener method for modifying polyvinyl chloride (PVC) using aqueous phase-transfer catalysis and a CO2-binding amine (CO2BAM). This approach enhances CO2 incorporation into PVC, offering a sustainable alternative for polymer functionalization.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) modification is crucial for developing advanced materials.
  • Existing methods for PVC functionalization often involve harsh conditions or limited efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a mild, sustainable, and efficient method for PVC structural modification.
  • To enhance the incorporation of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the PVC backbone.

Main Methods:

  • Selective iodination of PVC in an aqueous phase using phase-transfer catalysis.
  • Subsequent SN2 substitution reaction with a DBU-based CO2-binding amine (CO2BAM).

Main Results:

  • Achieved selective iodination of PVC under mild, sustainable conditions.
  • Demonstrated efficient CO2 incorporation via SN2 substitution with CO2BAM, a fourfold improvement over prior CO2BAL strategies.
  • Maintained complete polymer solubility throughout the modification process.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method provides a greener, safer, and effective route for PVC structural modification.
  • This approach offers significant advantages in CO2 incorporation efficiency for polymer functionalization.