The Role of B Cells in Tumorigenesis and Immunotherapy

In the tumor microenvironment (TME), the potential role of B cells in tumor immunotherapy has not been paid enough attention for a long time. In recent years, B cells have been widely infiltrated in the TME of a variety of solid tumors, and their functional status significantly affects tumor progression and immune response. B cells can inhibit tumor progression through inducing and maintaining tertiary lymphoid structures and lympho-myeloid aggregates, Ab-dependent anti-tumor effects, Ag presentation, T cell activation, and direct anti-tumor effects. It can also inhibit anti-tumor immune response by producing tumor-promoting antibodies, secreting immunosuppressive cytokines and chemokines, and expressing immune checkpoint molecules. The factors that influence B cell differentiation and function have not been fully elucidated. The complete analysis of these complex factors is essential for designing more precise B-cell-targeted therapies. In addition, based on their dual effects, immunotherapy strategies targeting B cells have developed rapidly. B cells have become an important target for a new generation of immunotherapy. This review systematically expounds on the dual regulatory mechanisms of B cells in the occurrence and development of tumors, analyzes the key factors affecting their functions, and explores the clinical application prospects of targeted B cell therapy to aid in the precise immunotherapy of tumors.