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Phase Transitions

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...

Phase Transitions

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...

Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems

Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems

Consider a ternary system, which is composed of three components: water (W), ethanoic acid (E), and trichloromethane (T). Here, Ethanoic acid (E) is fully miscible with both water (W) and trichloromethane (T), meaning it can mix entirely with either of them. However, water and trichloromethane have partial miscibility, meaning they can only mix to a certain extent, beyond which two separate phases will form.The phase diagram of a ternary system is represented as an equilateral triangle, where...

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...

Phase Diagram

Phase Diagram

A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Emerging quantum critical phase in a cluster spin-glass.

Fang Zhang^1,2, Tao Feng¹, Yurong Ruan¹

¹Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.

National Science Review

|March 9, 2026

Summary

Researchers discovered new quantum critical behaviors in heavy-fermion metals driven by magnetic frustration and disorder. This finding opens avenues for exploring exotic quantum states beyond traditional theories.

Keywords:

cluster spin-glass heavy-fermion metal quantum phase transition random magnetic moments

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Last Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

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Published on: September 4, 2015

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

Area of Science:

Condensed matter physics
Quantum materials science

Background:

Strong electron correlations drive quantum phase transitions (QPTs), leading to exotic states beyond the Landau paradigm.
Magnetic frustration, typically in insulators, is now key to understanding new phases in correlation-driven Kondo breakdown QPTs without clear symmetry breaking.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate novel quantum criticalities emerging from cluster spin-glasses in heavy-fermion metals.
To explore the nature of new phases in correlation-driven Kondo breakdown QPTs.

Main Methods:

Specific heat and magnetic Grüneisen parameter measurements under varying magnetic fields.
Resistivity and Hall effect measurements across a quantum critical point (QCP).

Main Results:

Observed quantum critical scaling in TiFe$_{x}$Cu$_{2x-1}$Sb, indicating a QCP near 0.13 Tesla.
Suppression of the cluster spin-glass phase with increasing magnetic field.
Enhanced screening of local moments and Fermi surface expansion upon crossing the QCP, consistent with Kondo breakdown.

Conclusions:

Uncovered a new family of iron-based heavy-fermion metals exhibiting complex interplay of multiple degrees of freedom.
Demonstrated a novel route to quantum criticality via disorder-driven magnetic frustration in heavy-fermion systems.
Opened possibilities for exploring unconventional excitations and exotic quantum critical behaviors.