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Progress of the pathogenesis in varicocele: a narrative review

Liang Dong1, Jialu Xin1, Jingyi Zhang2

  • 1School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.

The Canadian Journal of Urology
|March 9, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Varicocele (VC), a common cause of male infertility, involves abnormal vascular remodeling. Understanding its complex causes, including genetics and lifestyle, is key for future treatments.

Area of Science:

  • Andrology
  • Vascular Biology
  • Male Infertility Research

Background:

  • Varicocele (VC) is a significant cause of male infertility.
  • The complete pathogenic mechanisms of VC are not fully understood.
  • A knowledge gap exists in andrology regarding VC development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the complex pathogenic network of varicocele.
  • To integrate current evidence on VC pathogenesis.
  • To guide future research and clinical applications for VC.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic synthesis of current evidence.
  • Review of recent advances in VC research.
  • Analysis of contributing factors to VC development.

Main Results:

  • Varicocele pathogenesis centers on abnormal vascular remodeling.
  • Multiple factors contribute to VC, including anatomical, biochemical, and genetic elements.
  • Secondary varicoceles are primarily caused by compressive pathologies.

Conclusions:

  • VC pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving vascular remodeling and various contributing elements.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand VC mechanisms.
  • Insights gained can inform targeted clinical applications for male infertility.

Keywords:
anatomical factorsgenetic factorspathogenesisvaricocelevascular remodeling

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