Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

P-N junction01:11

P-N junction

1.5K
A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...
1.5K
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

2.4K
The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
2.4K
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

3.1K
Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
3.1K
Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

2.7K
The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
2.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A donor-acceptor zwitterion as a self-assembled hole-selective layer for highly efficient tin-based perovskite solar cells.

Chemical science·2026
Same author

Rigid-flexible coupling: exquisite modulation of asymmetrical spiro-type hole-transporting materials toward efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.

Chemical science·2025
Same author

Oligoether-Chain-Enriched Self-Assembled Molecules With High Dielectric Constant for Co-Deposition of Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2025
Same author

The Renaissance of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) as a Promising Hole-Transporting Material Toward Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2024
Same author

Custom-tailored hole transport layer using oxalic acid for high-quality tin-lead perovskites and efficient all-perovskite tandems.

Science advances·2024
Same author

Isomerization enabling near-infrared electron acceptors.

RSC advances·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
08:30

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Published on: March 19, 2017

17.3K

Conjugated N-Type Diradical Semiconductor Empowers High-Performance TiO2-Based Perovskite Solar Cells.

Yaqing Zou1, Xuran Wang1, Fengzhi Wang1

  • 1Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|March 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel semiconductor, IDT-R, to improve titanium dioxide (TiO2) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This boosts efficiency and stability by reducing defects and enhancing conductivity.

Keywords:
N‐type moleculesTiO2‐based devicesdiradical semiconductorperovskite solar cells

More Related Videos

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic–Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer
08:29

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic–Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

Published on: January 10, 2017

9.5K
Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing
05:15

Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing

Published on: February 3, 2021

8.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
08:30

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Published on: March 19, 2017

17.3K
Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic–Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer
08:29

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic–Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

Published on: January 10, 2017

9.5K
Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing
05:15

Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing

Published on: February 3, 2021

8.8K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Semiconductor Physics

Background:

  • Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is crucial for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) but suffers from efficiency limitations due to surface defects and low conductivity.
  • Tin dioxide (SnO2)-based PSCs currently outperform TiO2 counterparts, highlighting the need for TiO2 improvement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel interface engineering strategy for TiO2 electron transport layers in PSCs.
  • To introduce a n-type conjugated diradical semiconductor, IDT-R, for defect passivation and conductivity enhancement of TiO2.
  • To investigate the impact of IDT-R on the performance and stability of PSCs.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of the novel n-type conjugated diradical semiconductor, IDT-R.
  • Deposition of IDT-R onto TiO2 layers for interface modification in PSCs.
  • Fabrication and testing of PSC devices incorporating the modified TiO2 electron transport layer.

Main Results:

  • IDT-R effectively passivates surface defects on TiO2 and enhances its intrinsic conductivity.
  • The synergistic effect of IDT-R improves electron extraction and transport at the buried interface.
  • PSCs utilizing IDT-R modified TiO2 achieved a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.38% with enhanced thermal stability.

Conclusions:

  • The novel n-type diradical semiconductor IDT-R offers a promising approach for interface engineering in PSCs.
  • Modulating the electrical properties of TiO2 through IDT-R significantly enhances device performance and stability.
  • This work pioneers the use of n-type diradical semiconductors for electron-selective contacts in PSCs.