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Related Concept Videos

Pinocytosis00:38

Pinocytosis

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Cells use energy-requiring bulk transport mechanisms to transfer large particles or large numbers of small particles into or out of the cell. The cells envelop the particles in spherical membranes called vesicles or vacuoles. Vesicles that transport material into the cell are built from the cell membrane. These vesicles encapsulate external molecules and transport them into the cell in a process called endocytosis.
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Cells use energy-requiring bulk transport mechanisms to transfer large particles, or large amounts of small particles, into or out of the cell. The cells envelop the particles in spherical membranes called vesicles or vacuoles. Vesicles that transport material into the cell are built from the cell membrane. These vesicles encapsulate external molecules and transport them into the cell in a process called endocytosis.
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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Non-aqueous Electrode Processing and Construction of Lithium-ion Coin Cells
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Non-aqueous Electrode Processing and Construction of Lithium-ion Coin Cells

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Bridge the Gaps Between Lab-Level Sodium-Ion Coin Cells and Practical Pouch Cells.

Xiao Zhang1,2, Feixiang Ding1,2, Kang Han1,2

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|March 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review analyzes the performance gap between sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) in coin cells and pouch cells. It identifies material defects and interface issues, proposing standardization to advance SIB development.

Keywords:
coin cellspouch cellspractical conditionsodium‐ion batteries

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are attractive due to abundant sodium resources and similarities to lithium-ion battery manufacturing.
  • SIBs offer advantages like low-temperature resistance and high rate capability.
  • Advancing practical sodium-ion pouch cells is crucial, but a gap exists between lab-scale coin cells and real-world pouch cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically analyze the differences in energy density and cycle life between sodium-ion pouch cells and coin cells.
  • To reveal the root causes of these performance discrepancies.
  • To summarize research progress on cathode, anode, and electrolyte components for SIBs.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of energy density and cycle life data from coin and pouch cells.
  • Identification and analysis of intrinsic material defects in pouch cells.
  • Review of recent advancements in SIB electrode and electrolyte materials.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in energy density and cycle life are observed between sodium-ion coin cells and pouch cells.
  • Intrinsic material defects and interface instability are key factors contributing to pouch cell performance limitations.
  • Progress in cathode, anode, and electrolyte materials is essential for improving pouch cell performance.

Conclusions:

  • Bridging the performance gap between coin and pouch cells requires addressing material defects and interface issues.
  • Standardization of assembly and testing protocols is proposed to facilitate the transition from lab to industry.
  • This review provides insights to accelerate the development of practical sodium-ion batteries.