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Related Concept Videos

Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

693
Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a...
693
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

912
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
912

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education
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Visual and Oculomotor Function in Developmental Dyslexia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Clara Martinez-Perez1, Ana Paula Oliveira2,3, Isabel Baltazar2

  • 1Applied Physics Department (Optometry Area), Facultade de Óptica e Optometría, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. claramartinez.perez@usc.es.

Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)
|March 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individuals with developmental dyslexia show significant visual and oculomotor differences, including binocular vision and eye movement anomalies. These findings suggest visual assessments may aid in managing reading difficulties.

Keywords:
Binocular visionDyslexiaEye movementsOculomotor functionSaccadesVergence

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology and Vision Science
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Developmental dyslexia, affecting 3-6% of children, is marked by reading difficulties despite normal intelligence.
  • While phonological deficits are recognized, the role of visual and oculomotor functions remains debated.
  • Identifying visual anomalies could enhance assessments and interventions for dyslexia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate visual and oculomotor function differences in individuals with developmental dyslexia compared to controls.
  • To synthesize evidence from observational studies through a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational case-control studies (PROSPERO registration).
  • Searches across PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies on visual/oculomotor functions in dyslexia.
  • Included outcomes: binocular vision, oculomotor performance, accommodation, visual acuity, refractive error, contrast sensitivity.

Main Results:

  • Twenty-six studies included; dyslexic individuals showed greater near exophoria and reduced fusional vergence ranges.
  • Oculomotor differences included more fixations, longer fixation duration, more regressions, and reduced saccade amplitude.
  • No significant differences were found in refractive error or visual acuity between groups.

Conclusions:

  • Children with developmental dyslexia exhibit consistent binocular and oculomotor anomalies.
  • These anomalies may increase visual effort during reading, impacting performance.
  • Targeted vision assessments could complement multidisciplinary dyslexia management.