Solid-Like yet Reconfigurable 3D-Printed Liquid Tubular Wires From Nonconductive Molecules

Electronic devices composed entirely of liquids offer numerous advantages, including self-healing of mechanical fractures, the ability to conduct electrical currents, and the capacity to transduce mass via liquid flow, making them a promising alternative to conventional solid-state electronics. A key step toward fully liquid electronics is the fabrication of all-liquid wires that support efficient current flow while maintaining a well-defined, solid-like shape. However, early demonstrations have been limited by relatively low electrical and mechanical performance and a narrow range of intrinsically conducting materials, hindering broader applications. Here, we demonstrate an interfacial redox strategy to produce all-liquid, 3D conducting wires. The interfacial assembly relies on the polymerization of nonconductive monomers at the liquid-ink-bath interface. Benefiting from in situ polymer network formation, the liquid-liquid interface attains high interfacial stiffness while enabling continuous 3D printing, yielding the rather stiff 3D-printed all-liquid tubular wire. To further establish feasibility, we systematically investigate interfacial assembly and mechanical properties, evaluate 3D printing performance, and demonstrate functional electronic devices that incorporate our 3D-printed all-liquid tubular wire. This study introduces a novel method for fabricating conductive all-liquid electronics from nonconductive materials, demonstrating its potential for advancing next-generation electronic devices.