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Related Concept Videos

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Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
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The thoracic or rib cage forms the body's thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and the lungs. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
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Endoscopy is a non-surgical medical technique used to examine a person's internal organs and vessels. This lesson will focus on two types of endoscopic studies: bronchoscopy and thoracoscopy.
Bronchoscopy
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Bronchoscopy is a procedure that involves direct visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. A flexible fiber optic or rigid bronchoscope is used to carry out the procedure. The fiber-optic bronchoscope is more frequently used due...
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The Thoracic Cage: Ribs01:20

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Ribs are curved, flattened bones forming the thoracic cavity wall with the thoracic muscles. There are 12 pairs of thoracic ribs. The posterior ends of all the ribs articulate with the T1–T12 thoracic vertebrae. In contrast,the anterior ends of most ribs attach to the sternum via their costal cartilages.
Parts of a Typical Rib
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Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Thoracoscopic Extended Right Middle Plus Lower Sleeve Lobectomy for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
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[Thoracic oncology].

Niels Reinmuth1

  • 1Thorakale Onkologie, Asklepios Fachkliniken München-Gauting, Gauting, Deutschland.

Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
|March 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Molecular diagnostics guide treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Advances include targeted therapies and immunotherapy for early and advanced stages, improving patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Diagnostics
  • Cancer Therapeutics

Background:

  • Molecular diagnostics are integral to treatment planning for both early and advanced stages of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  • Approved adjuvant therapies for NSCLC post-surgery or chemoradiotherapy include targeted agents like osimertinib and alectinib.
  • Immunotherapy is now a standard treatment option for early-stage NSCLC and small cell lung cancer (SCLC).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current role of molecular diagnostics in NSCLC and SCLC treatment planning.
  • To highlight advancements in targeted therapies and immunotherapy across different cancer stages.
  • To discuss the integration of novel therapeutic strategies in resectable and metastatic lung cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current clinical practice guidelines and approved therapeutic agents.
  • Analysis of recent clinical studies and trial data, including the ADRIATIC study.
  • Examination of molecular diagnostic applications in personalized lung cancer treatment.

Main Results:

  • Targeted therapies (osimertinib, alectinib) and checkpoint inhibitors are established in adjuvant, neoadjuvant, and perioperative settings for resectable NSCLC.
  • Chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies form the backbone of treatment for metastatic NSCLC, with ongoing clinical trials.
  • Durvalumab, following radiochemotherapy, has demonstrated efficacy, leading to its approval for SCLC and NSCLC based on the ADRIATIC study.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular diagnostics are essential for tailoring treatment strategies in lung cancer.
  • Immunotherapy and targeted therapies represent significant progress in managing both early and advanced NSCLC and SCLC.
  • The landscape of lung cancer treatment continues to evolve with the integration of novel agents and combination therapies.