Low-Dimensional MOF Nanoarchitectonics: Progress in MOF-2D Material Hybrid Architectures for Energy Conversion and...

The integration of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and two-dimensional (2D) materials is a powerful and rapidly advancing strategy for creating multifunctional hybrid materials. Unlocking their full potential requires overcoming the intrinsic limitations of each component, specifically the poor electrical conductivity of MOFs and the restacking of 2D nanosheets. This review provides a systematic overview of the pivotal role of dimensional interface engineering in addressing this challenge. A systematic analysis of synthesis methodologies is presented, including direct growth, encapsulation, layer-by-layer assembly, and MOF-derived transformations, correlating architectural control with the fundamental structure-property relationships that govern mass transport, electronic coupling, and defect chemistry. The remarkable impact of these engineered hybrids is then highlighted across key applications in high-performance electrocatalysis for crucial energy conversion reactions and in advanced energy storage systems such as batteries and supercapacitors. A central theme is that the deliberate manipulation of the interface is the critical determinant for unlocking synergistic enhancements in charge and mass transport, structural stability, and redox activity. Finally, this review concludes by critically assessing persistent challenges in scalability, stability, and atomic-level precision, while outlining the future opportunities poised to propel MOF-2D hybrids from laboratory innovations to transformative technologies.