Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

246
In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
246
Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

88
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
88
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

320
Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
320
Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

114
Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
114
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow01:26

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

307
Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...
307

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The effect of a multifaceted intervention on post-operative opioid use after orthopedic and spine surgery: Results of a before-after pilot study.

Journal of opioid management·2026
Same author

Views on Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy for Substance Use Disorders from Individuals with Opioid Use Disorder and a History of Injection-Related Infections: A Qualitative Study.

Psychedelic medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.)·2026
Same author

Best Practices for Hospital-Based Initiation of Medications for Opioid Use Disorder: A Consensus Statement.

JAMA network open·2026
Same author

From Management to Maintenance: A Pilot Ambulatory Gabapentin Bridge Protocol for Treatment of Low-risk Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome.

Journal of addiction medicine·2026
Same author

Ocular Hypertension and Glaucoma in United States Army Personnel: Barriers to Detection and Impact on Operational Readiness.

Cureus·2026
Same author

Association Between Medication for Alcohol Use Disorder and Confirmed Linkage to Care Following Discharge From an Inpatient Unit for Medically Managed Withdrawal.

Substance use & addiction journal·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Human Liver Microphysiological System for Assessing Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity In Vitro
11:06

Human Liver Microphysiological System for Assessing Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity In Vitro

Published on: January 31, 2022

5.5K

Liver Injury Associated With Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa ): A Systematic Review.

Xavier Alexander Calicdan, Anika Kopczynski, Edwin Medina

    Journal of Addiction Medicine
    |March 10, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) use is linked to liver injury, often presenting as jaundice and elevated liver enzymes. While most cases improve after stopping kratom, some require liver transplantation, highlighting the need for further research.

    Keywords:
    kratomliver injurymitragynine

    More Related Videos

    Rapid High-throughput Species Identification of Botanical Material Using Direct Analysis in Real Time High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
    11:14

    Rapid High-throughput Species Identification of Botanical Material Using Direct Analysis in Real Time High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

    Published on: October 2, 2016

    12.2K
    Generation of a Rat Model of Acute Liver Failure by Combining 70% Partial Hepatectomy and Acetaminophen
    09:44

    Generation of a Rat Model of Acute Liver Failure by Combining 70% Partial Hepatectomy and Acetaminophen

    Published on: November 27, 2019

    11.2K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Mar 11, 2026

    Human Liver Microphysiological System for Assessing Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity In Vitro
    11:06

    Human Liver Microphysiological System for Assessing Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity In Vitro

    Published on: January 31, 2022

    5.5K
    Rapid High-throughput Species Identification of Botanical Material Using Direct Analysis in Real Time High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
    11:14

    Rapid High-throughput Species Identification of Botanical Material Using Direct Analysis in Real Time High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

    Published on: October 2, 2016

    12.2K
    Generation of a Rat Model of Acute Liver Failure by Combining 70% Partial Hepatectomy and Acetaminophen
    09:44

    Generation of a Rat Model of Acute Liver Failure by Combining 70% Partial Hepatectomy and Acetaminophen

    Published on: November 27, 2019

    11.2K

    Area of Science:

    • Hepatology
    • Toxicology
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a psychoactive herbal product gaining popularity for pain, anxiety, and opioid withdrawal management.
    • Despite its marketing as a natural dietary supplement, concerns regarding adverse effects, including significant liver toxicity, have emerged.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To systematically review existing literature on kratom use and its association with liver injury.
    • To consolidate case reports and identify patterns of kratom-induced hepatotoxicity.

    Main Methods:

    • A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines.
    • All published studies reporting on kratom use and liver toxicity were included in the analysis.

    Main Results:

    • Thirty-one studies identified 32 cases of kratom-associated liver injury, predominantly in adult males, often with polysubstance use.
    • The liver injury typically presented with jaundice and elevated liver enzymes, predominantly cholestatic in pattern.
    • While most patients improved after kratom cessation, four cases progressed to liver transplantation, indicating potential severe outcomes.

    Conclusions:

    • Kratom use is temporally associated with liver injury, with patterns suggesting a causal link in many reported cases.
    • Inconsistent reporting of kratom dosage, form, and duration hinders complete characterization of the injury.
    • Further research is essential to elucidate the mechanisms of kratom-induced liver injury and guide clinical and public health strategies.