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Updated: Mar 11, 2026

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Foot function affects pitching motion: players with floating toes show inconsistent pitching motion.

Hideaki Nagamoto1,2,3, Takumi Okunuki4,5,6, Kazuki Wakamiya4

  • 1Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan.

Sports Biomechanics
|March 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Floating toes in baseball pitchers can lead to inconsistent pitching mechanics. This study found that players with floating toes on their pivot or plant foot exhibited greater variability in ball, wrist, and foot positioning during pitching.

Keywords:
Pitching motionfloating toesfoot functionmovement variability

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Baseball Performance Analysis

Background:

  • Floating toes, where toes do not contact the ground, are a common physical finding.
  • The impact of foot mechanics on complex athletic movements like baseball pitching is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between the presence of floating toes and the consistency of baseball pitching motion.
  • To quantify the effect of floating toes on key kinematic variables during the pitching delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Fifteen young male baseball players underwent physical examination for floating toes.
  • Pitching motion was analyzed using video capture of the ball release point in sagittal and coronal views.
  • Variability in ball, wrist, and leading foot positions was measured using standard deviation (SD) and compared between players with and without floating toes.

Main Results:

  • Floating toes were prevalent in 47% of pivot feet and 33% of plant feet.
  • Players with floating toes on the pivot foot demonstrated significantly higher antero-posterior SD for the ball, wrist, and leading foot (p < 0.05).
  • Players with floating toes on the plant foot showed significantly greater antero-posterior SD of the plant foot (p = 0.02).

Conclusions:

  • Floating toes on the pivot foot are associated with increased variability in pitching kinematics.
  • Floating toes on the plant foot correlate with greater instability of the plant foot during pitching.
  • The presence of floating toes may negatively impact pitching consistency and performance.