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Glycosaminoglycans

Glycosaminoglycans

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long and linear polymers comprising of specific repeating disaccharides - the amino sugar that can be N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, and a uronic acid that is usually glucuronic acid or iduronic acid.
GAGS are found in the extracellular matrix of vertebrates, invertebrates, and bacteria. Due to their polar nature they attract water, and serve as excellent lubricants or shock absorbers in an animal body.
Hyaluronic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

3D Hydrogel Scaffolds for Articular Chondrocyte Culture and Cartilage Generation

3D Hydrogel Scaffolds for Articular Chondrocyte Culture and Cartilage Generation

Published on: October 7, 2015

An Injectable Dual-Layer Hydrogel Integrating Adhesive and Bioactive Functions for Cartilage Regeneration.

Arjan Atwal^1,2,3, Tina P Dale^2,3,4, Martyn Snow^2,5,6

¹School of Allied Health Professions and Pharmacy, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK.

Advanced Healthcare Materials

|March 10, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel injectable hydrogel system for cartilage repair. The two-step adhesive hydrogel platform enhances joint healing by providing mechanical support and delivering bioactive cues for chondrogenesis.

Keywords:

bioadhesive cartilage tissue regeneration controlled release injectable hydrogels minimally invasive osteoarthritis platelet lysate

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Synthesis of Decellularized Cartilage Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels

Synthesis of Decellularized Cartilage Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels

Published on: July 21, 2023

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Regenerative Medicine
Tissue Engineering

Background:

Minimally invasive cartilage repair requires injectable hydrogels with strong adhesion in wet joint environments.
These hydrogels must possess mechanical integrity under physiological loads and deliver bioactive signals for chondrogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a two-step bioadhesive hydrogel platform for effective articular cartilage regeneration.
To combine interfacial chemistry with biological functionality for enhanced cartilage repair.

Main Methods:

A dual-layer system was created: an aldehyde-functionalized hyaluronic acid (Ald-HAMA) primer for cartilage adhesion and a photo-cross-linkable hydrogel (GelMA, HAMA, PLMA) for structural integrity and bioactivity.
The hydrogel's gelation time, compressive strength, and interfacial adhesion were evaluated.
The incorporation of platelet lysate (PLMA) was assessed for sustained growth factor release and its effect on chondrogenesis markers (glycosaminoglycan and collagen type-II).

Main Results:

The dual-layer hydrogel system demonstrated ultrafast gelation (≤60 s), robust compressive strength (53.3 kPa), and high interfacial adhesion (136 kPa) in aqueous conditions.
Platelet lysate incorporation led to sustained release of growth factors, significantly improving glycosaminoglycan deposition and collagen type-II expression compared to Chondro-Gide.
Ex-vivo models showed strong interfacial integration and neotissue formation.

Conclusions:

The developed injectable adhesive hydrogel platform offers a promising strategy for articular cartilage regeneration.
This modular system integrates mechanical stability, bioadhesion, and biochemical signaling, with potential for clinical translation in arthroscopic procedures.