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Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy
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Electrostatically driven pattern formation in mixed charged-neutral multicomponent elastic membranes.

Vipin Agrawal1,2, Monica Olvera de la Cruz1,2

  • 1Center of Computation and Theory of Soft Materials, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|March 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrostatic repulsion and elastic deformation alone drive surface patterning in elastic shells. Simulations reveal diverse patterns like rods and lamellae, dependent on charge fraction and salt concentration.

Keywords:
charge heterogeneitycharge patterningelastic shellselectrostatic interactionslamellar structures

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Multicomponent elastic shells display complex surface patterns crucial for cellular functions.
  • Pattern formation is typically attributed to competing attractive and repulsive forces within membranes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if electrostatic repulsion and elastic deformation alone can induce spontaneous surface patterning in elastic shells.
  • To explore pattern formation across various topologies and compositions using numerical simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical simulations were employed to model mechanically homogeneous membranes with heterogeneous surface charge.
  • Investigated pattern formation in crystalline and amorphous shells with varying charge fractions and bending rigidities.
  • Examined the influence of salt concentration on pattern morphology.

Main Results:

  • Spontaneous surface patterning was observed driven solely by electrostatic repulsion and elastic deformation.
  • Pattern morphology varied with charge fraction: discrete domains, rods, and lamellar structures.
  • Amorphous shells showed disordered patterns, while salt concentration led to pattern coarsening due to electrostatic screening.

Conclusions:

  • The interplay between electrostatics and elasticity is sufficient for spontaneous surface patterning in elastic shells.
  • Simulations demonstrate predictable pattern formation based on composition and environmental conditions.
  • Findings offer insights into designing functional materials with tunable surface properties.