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Language and Cognition01:27

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
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Mnemonic devices are cognitive tools that facilitate memory retention by linking new information to familiar patterns or organizational strategies. These techniques are beneficial for remembering complex or lengthy sets of information by simplifying and structuring them in easily retrievable ways.
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Recursion beyond language: Lexical and arithmetic interference in visual hierarchical embedding.

Mauricio J D Martins1, Daniel J Cook2,3, Arno Villringer3,4,5

  • 1SCAN-Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. mauricio.martins@univie.ac.at.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Recursive hierarchical embedding (RHE) is a key aspect of human cognition.
  • The neural basis of non-linguistic recursion is debated, with theories suggesting language-specific, domain-general, or visuospatial mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cognitive mechanisms underlying visual recursion and iteration.
  • To determine whether non-linguistic recursion relies on serial, symbolic processing similar to language.

Main Methods:

  • Dual-task paradigm with visual recursion (REC) and iteration (ITE) tasks.
  • Interference tasks included lexical retrieval (LEX), serial arithmetic (MATH), and visual delayed match-to-sample (VIS).
  • Drift diffusion modeling analyzed response times and accuracy.

Main Results:

  • Lexical retrieval and serial arithmetic impaired both recursion and iteration tasks.
  • Interference was stronger for iteration than recursion.
  • Lexical retrieval and serial arithmetic slowed evidence accumulation and reduced decision thresholds.
  • Visual tasks did not impair accuracy but modulated evidence accumulation.
  • Verbal working memory predicted recursion performance but did not fully explain interference differences.

Conclusions:

  • Visual hierarchical processing, particularly iteration, relies on serial symbolic resources.
  • Recursion is more resilient to interference, suggesting parallel or configural processing strategies.
  • A hybrid cognitive architecture supports visual hierarchies, integrating linguistic-like symbolic operations with alternative mechanisms.