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Related Concept Videos

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

14.7K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
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Liquid Bismuth Catalyst Enables High-CO-Selectivity in CO2 Hydrogenation.

Xinxin Lu1,2, Zun Guan3,4, Xinyi Fu1

  • 1Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|March 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A novel dynamic liquid-bismuth catalyst enhances carbon monoxide selectivity in the reverse water-gas shift reaction. This breakthrough utilizes a bismuth redox cycle for efficient CO2 conversion into syngas at moderate temperatures.

Keywords:
CO selectivityCO2 hydrogenationliquid bismuth catalystsnanodroplet confinementredox cycle

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A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • The reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction is crucial for converting CO2 into valuable syngas.
  • Achieving high CO selectivity in RWGS at moderate temperatures remains a significant challenge.
  • Existing catalysts often suffer from low efficiency or poor selectivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a dynamic liquid-bismuth catalyst for improved CO selectivity in the RWGS reaction.
  • To investigate the catalytic mechanism of liquid-bismuth on a vanadium oxide support.
  • To enable efficient and selective CO2-to-syngas conversion at moderate temperatures.

Main Methods:

  • In situ synthesis of molten bismuth nanodroplets confined on a defective vanadium oxide support.
  • Utilizing a reversible Bi3+/Bi0 redox cycle for catalysis.
  • Employing combined mechanistic studies and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations.
  • Operating the RWGS reaction at 400°C.

Main Results:

  • A dynamic liquid-bismuth catalyst was successfully synthesized and stabilized on a VOx support.
  • The catalyst demonstrated high CO selectivity in the RWGS reaction at 400°C.
  • Mechanistic studies revealed an H2-assisted redox pathway involving Ni-Bi dual sites.
  • DFT calculations elucidated the roles of Bi and Ni sites in CO2 dissociation and CO desorption.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic liquid-bismuth catalysts offer a promising approach for selective CO2-to-syngas conversion.
  • The Bi3+/Bi0 redox cycle and dual Ni-Bi sites are key to the catalyst's performance.
  • This study highlights the potential of liquid-metal catalysis for sustainable chemical production.