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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
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Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is the inability to recognize faces. In severe cases, individuals with prosopagnosia may not recognize close family members, including parents and spouses, by their faces. For instance, someone with prosopagnosia might walk past their child in a crowd, only realizing their mistake upon noticing their child's distinctive backpack or favorite jacket. Prosopagnosia specifically impairs facial recognition, while the recognition of other objects or...
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Long COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction: discrepancy between psychophysical tests and self-perception.

Aina Sansa1, Alda Cardesín1, Mariana Campos1

  • 1Hospital Parc Taulí, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Rhinology and Sleep Unit, Sabadell, Spain.

Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long COVID-19 patients exhibit smell identification deficits not reflected in subjective tests. This olfactory dysfunction differs from other nasal conditions, necessitating tailored diagnostic and treatment approaches.

Keywords:
BAST-24COVID-19Olfactory dysfunctionQuality of lifeRhinitis

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is a common sequela of COVID-19.
  • Long COVID-19 patients often report persistent smell and taste disturbances.
  • Understanding the nature of olfactory impairment is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare objective olfactory test results with subjective smell perception in long COVID-19 patients.
  • To characterize long COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction and compare it with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP).
  • To inform the development of targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • An observational study involving 86 long COVID-19 patients.
  • Assessment using the Barcelona Smell Test (BAST-24 Plus), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22).
  • Comparison with 120 healthy controls and 121 CRSwNP patients.

Main Results:

  • Long COVID-19 patients showed significant deficits in smell detection and identification compared to controls.
  • Olfactory impairment in long COVID-19 was less severe than in CRSwNP.
  • Subjective smell perception (VAS) correlated more strongly with odor identification than detection, but overall, subjective perception did not correlate well with objective test scores.

Conclusions:

  • Subjective smell perception in long COVID-19 patients does not align with objective psychophysical test findings.
  • Long COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction is primarily characterized by impaired identification, distinct from the detection-dominant impairment seen in other nasal conditions.
  • Specific diagnostic tools and treatment strategies are required for long COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction.