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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Profiling of Estrogen-regulated MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer Cells
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Non-coding RNAs regulation in breast cancer pathogenesis.

Bala Gur Dedeoglu1, Senem Noyan1, Kübra Nur Kaplan İlhan1

  • 1Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye.

Epigenomics
|March 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key epigenetic regulators in breast cancer, influencing gene control and disease progression. Targeting these molecules offers new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for precision oncology.

Keywords:
Breast cancerbiomarkersepigenetic regulationncRNA-targeted therapynon-coding RNAs (ncRNAs)

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Breast cancer is a complex disease driven by genetic and epigenetic alterations.
  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are crucial epigenetic regulators impacting gene expression.
  • ncRNAs include microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of ncRNAs in breast cancer's molecular heterogeneity.
  • To highlight ncRNAs' functions in gene regulation and disease progression.
  • To discuss ncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in breast cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on ncRNAs in breast cancer.
  • Analysis of ncRNA interactions with cellular machinery.
  • Examination of ncRNA expression patterns in different breast cancer subtypes.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs modulate transcriptional activity, chromatin accessibility, and gene stability.
  • Aberrant ncRNA expression is linked to proliferation, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance.
  • Distinct ncRNA signatures exist for triple-negative, HER2-positive, and hormone receptor-positive breast cancers.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs are critical epigenetic regulators in breast cancer.
  • ncRNAs show potential as minimally invasive biomarkers for early detection and monitoring.
  • ncRNA-targeting therapies are advancing toward clinical application for precision oncology.