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Related Concept Videos

Testing Water Quality01:14

Testing Water Quality

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When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
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Quality of Water01:19

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In concrete preparation, the quality of water is paramount as it affects the strength and durability of the concrete. Potable water is usually preferred; however, it must not have excessive sodium or potassium to prevent compromising the concrete's integrity. Water quality is typically evaluated based on impurities such as dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates, and its pH value is ideally between 6 and 8. Even slightly acidic natural water may be acceptable unless it contains harmful...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

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Nor Any Drop to Drink: Creating a Community-Based Assessment Tool to Address 1,4-Dioxane Water Contamination.

Heather J Lauver1, Alice Kindschuh1, Vasilis Vasiliou2

  • 1School of Nursing, Nebraska Methodist College, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.

Public Health Nursing (Boston, Mass.)
|March 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) was used to design a survey addressing 1,4-dioxane (DX) concerns. The survey aims to identify community needs for managing health risks associated with this common solvent in water systems.

Keywords:
1,4‐dioxanecommunity‐based participatory researchenvironmental health policyface validationpublic health advocacyremediationsurvey development

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Public Health Policy
  • Community-Engaged Research

Background:

  • 1,4-Dioxane (DX) is a synthetic solvent found in water systems, monitored by the EPA as a potential carcinogen.
  • Varying state-level exposure standards for DX create disparities for impacted communities.
  • Community concerns and preferred risk management strategies require investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design a community-based participatory research (CBPR) survey.
  • To identify concerns of communities impacted by 1,4-Dioxane (DX).
  • To determine preferred risk management strategies for DX exposure.

Main Methods:

  • CBPR approach used to design a survey targeting key issues in DX-impacted communities.
  • Mixed methods, including expert reviewer feedback and face validation, were employed.
  • Snowball sampling (N=29) and reliability statistics (Cronbach's alpha=0.93) were utilized.

Main Results:

  • The survey design effectively captured community requests for tools to manage DX health risks.
  • High internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.93) confirmed survey validity.
  • Expert reviewers supported advancing the survey for criterion testing.

Conclusions:

  • The CBPR survey design can empower public health nursing teams.
  • This approach integrates community voices with epidemiological data for stronger advocacy.
  • It guides multisector collaboration to address 1,4-Dioxane related health risks.