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Investigating bottlenose dolphin physiology using near-infrared spectroscopy.

Gabriel Antoniak¹, Alexander Ruesch², Barbara G Shinn-Cunningham^2,3

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

The Journal of Experimental Biology

|March 11, 2026

Summary

Researchers used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and kinematics to study bottlenose dolphin hemodynamics. This revealed changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR) during dives and breath-holds, offering insights into cetacean physiology.

Keywords:

Tursiops truncatus Heart rate Hemodynamics NIRS Respiration Swimming

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Area of Science:

Marine Biology
Physiology
Biophysics

Background:

Cetacean diving physiology is not fully understood.
Limited data exists on hemodynamic responses during dives.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate bottlenose dolphin hemodynamics during various aquatic activities.
To apply a novel approach combining NIRS and kinematics.

Main Methods:

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and kinematic measurements were used.
Measurements were taken during voluntary breathing, diving, and free swimming.
Hemodynamic changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR) were monitored.

Main Results:

Oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) increased post-respiration and decreased before the next breath.
Deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR) remained stable during short dives but decreased during prolonged breath-holds.
Tissue Saturation Index (TSI) decreased by up to 8.9% during extended breath-holds.

Conclusions:

The combined NIRS and kinematic approach provides new insights into cetacean diving physiology.
This method is a significant step towards in-situ measurements in wild populations.