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The canine yolk sac (YS) is vital throughout pregnancy, providing nutrients and undergoing structural changes. This study reveals its persistent functional activity and increasing collagen production in later stages.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Anatomy
  • Developmental Biology
  • Comparative Embryology

Background:

  • The yolk sac (YS) is crucial for early maternal-fetal interactions, nutrient supply, and organogenesis.
  • Dogs uniquely retain the YS throughout gestation, but its late-stage function remains understudied.
  • Animal models, like dogs, offer valuable insights into comparative developmental processes, including human development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural and functional characteristics of the canine yolk sac (YS) during early, middle, and late pregnancy stages.
  • To analyze morphological changes and cellular activities within the YS across different gestational periods.
  • To understand the YS's role in nutrient provision, vascularization, and tissue remodeling in canines.

Main Methods:

  • Histological analysis of canine YS samples from early (≤20 days), middle (21-40 days), and late (41-60 days) gestation.
  • Morphological assessment using Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E), Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS), and Picrosirius red staining.
  • Immunostaining for OCT4 to identify undifferentiated cellular niches and evaluation of collagen deposition and vascularization.

Main Results:

  • The YS exhibited a trilaminar structure with vascularized blood islands containing OCT4+ cells.
  • Significant morphological changes were observed, transitioning from a thin membrane to a thickened, wrinkled structure resembling a 'whale tail'.
  • Increased vascularization, progressive collagen type I secretion, and persistent glycoprotein deposits were noted throughout gestation.

Conclusions:

  • The canine yolk sac (YS) maintains structural integrity and functional activity throughout pregnancy.
  • The YS plays critical roles in structural support, secretion, and nutrient reserve in canine development.
  • These findings enhance our understanding of canine embryology and maternal-fetal interactions, with implications for comparative studies.