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Circadian rhythms are cyclic changes that are crucial in plasma drug concentrations. Various standard circadian parameters, including core body temperature, heart rate, and other cardiovascular factors, directly impact disease states and the therapeutic response to drug therapy.
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The sleep cycle, an integral part of human health, consists of several stages with distinct characteristics and functions. It begins with a transition from wakefulness to sleep, known as the light sleep phase, followed by the restorative deep sleep phase, essential for physical recovery and growth. The cycle concludes with the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase, characterized by high brain activity and vivid dreaming. Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder, involves difficulty falling asleep, staying...
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The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
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Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Circadian Entrainment of Drosophila Melanogaster
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Liver clock: Malalignment and entrainment therapeutics.

Shaiphali Sharma1, Shreya Pandey2, Ajay Kumar Mishra3

  • 1Department of Physiology, King George Medical College, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.

World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics
|March 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The mammalian circadian system involves central and liver clocks regulated by genes. Disruptions cause health issues, but lifestyle changes like time-restricted eating can help realign these clocks.

Keywords:
Circadian rhythmClock geneLife style disordersLiver clockMelatoninMetabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver diseaseSuprachiasmatic nucleus

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Area of Science:

  • Chronobiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Metabolic Health

Background:

  • The mammalian circadian system relies on central (suprachiasmatic nucleus) and peripheral (e.g., liver) clocks.
  • These clocks, driven by clock genes, regulate metabolism, physiology, and behavior.
  • The suprachiasmatic nucleus is entrained by light, while the liver clock is influenced by feeding and nutrients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms underlying the malalignment of central and liver clock genes.
  • To explore existing therapeutic strategies for circadian rhythm realignment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of circadian rhythm mechanisms.
  • Analysis of factors influencing central and peripheral clocks.
  • Examination of therapeutic interventions for circadian disruption.

Main Results:

  • The liver clock regulates a significant portion (10-15%) of the transcriptome, including key metabolic genes.
  • Disruptions in circadian clocks are linked to increased cancer risk and metabolic disorders.
  • Lifestyle interventions like time-restricted eating, light therapy, and melatonin agonists show potential for circadian realignment.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding circadian clock mechanisms is crucial for metabolic health.
  • Malalignment of central and liver clocks contributes to disease pathogenesis.
  • Therapeutic strategies targeting circadian rhythms offer promising avenues for health improvement.