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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features01:20

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD, is a long-term condition marked by persistent and only partially reversible airflow limitation. It involves two overlapping conditions—chronic bronchitis and emphysema—which often co-appear but differ in dominant symptoms and underlying mechanisms.Chronic Bronchitis FeaturesChronic bronchitis presents with a persistent productive cough and thick, sometimes purulent mucus due to airway inflammation, enlarged mucus glands, and goblet...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders
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Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders

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Long-Term Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review.

Artemis Zarkadi1, Michail Katotomichelakis1, Konstantinos Chaidas1,2

  • 1Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, GRC.

Cureus
|March 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long COVID can cause persistent olfactory dysfunction (OD), affecting smell for months or years. Recovery is influenced by factors like age and initial symptom severity, highlighting the need for better diagnostic tools.

Keywords:
anosmiacoronaviruscovid-19hyposmialong covidolfaction disordersolfactoryparosmiasars-cov-2smell

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Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants — Buried Food and Social Odor Tests
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a common, often persistent symptom of COVID-19.
  • While many recover within weeks, a significant number experience long-term sensory deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence on long-term post-COVID-19 OD (≥3 months).
  • To summarize prevalence, recovery, and prognostic factors for persistent olfactory issues.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines.
  • Searched PubMed and Scopus databases up to August 2024.
  • Included 21 studies with over 4,000 participants.

Main Results:

  • A significant proportion of patients experience persistent OD for months to over two years.
  • Qualitative disorders like parosmia and phantosmia frequently emerged during recovery.
  • Prognosis appears linked to age, initial severity, OD duration, comorbidities, and potentially sex.
  • A discrepancy exists between subjective patient reports and objective testing.

Conclusions:

  • Persistent olfactory dysfunction is a significant, often overlooked, long-term complication of COVID-19.
  • Methodological heterogeneity limits cross-study comparisons.
  • Standardized criteria, validated measures, and longitudinal research are crucial for evidence-based management.