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Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

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Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals

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At-Home High-Intensity Interval Training for Individuals with Paraplegia Following Spinal Cord Injury: A Case Series.

Kevin L Webb¹, Margaux B Linde², Daniel D Veith²

¹Human & Integrative Physiology and Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.

Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Wilmington, Del.)

|March 11, 2026

Summary

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) improved cardiac efficiency and maximal work capacity in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). This 16-week at-home program was well-adhered to and found enjoyable.

Keywords:

Arm Ergometry Cardiovascular Health High-intensity Interval Training Spinal Cord Injury VO2max

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Published on: January 16, 2019

Area of Science:

Exercise Physiology
Rehabilitation Medicine
Neurology

Background:

Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) often experience reduced cardiovascular function and physical capacity.
Accessible and effective exercise interventions are crucial for improving health outcomes in SCI populations.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the effectiveness of a 16-week, at-home high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program for individuals with chronic SCI.
To assess changes in cardiac efficiency, maximal work capacity, adherence, satisfaction, and self-efficacy.

Main Methods:

Eight participants with chronic SCI completed a 16-week at-home arm ergometer HIIT program.
Training involved three sessions per week, with six 1-minute high-intensity intervals (~80% HRR) and 2-minute recovery periods.
Heart rate monitors and a phone app tracked adherence, compliance, and provided feedback.

Main Results:

Participants showed a significant decrease in submaximal cardiac output (~17%) and a significant increase in peak power output (~26%).
An 87% adherence rate was achieved, with participants reporting moderate to high satisfaction and self-efficacy.

Conclusions:

At-home HIIT effectively improved cardiac efficiency and maximal work capacity in individuals with SCI.
The program was well-tolerated, enjoyable, and demonstrated high adherence, suggesting feasibility for home-based rehabilitation.