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Environmental considerations in hepatitis E virus transmission: Is there a missing link?
Ross Campbell1, Cerys Russell2, Jacques Izopet3,4,5
1Department of Acute Medicine, Raigmore Hospital, Inverness IV2 4UJ, Highland, United Kingdom.
World Journal of Hepatology
|March 11, 2026
Summary
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) spreads through environmental contamination, primarily from wild animals to domestic populations, then to humans. Understanding HEV
Area of Science:
- Environmental Science
- Public Health
- Virology
Background:
- Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic infection with uncertain environmental and public health impacts.
- HEV exhibits significant genotypic and geographic variation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To synthesize evidence on Hepatitis E virus circulation in the environment.
- To propose a hypothesis and identify knowledge gaps regarding HEV transmission pathways.
Main Methods:
- A comprehensive literature search was conducted on HEV transmission and environmental findings.
- Synthesized findings to understand HEV's environmental presence and movement.
Main Results:
- HEV genotypes 3 and 4 are found in diverse animals like pigs, deer, and cats; genotypes 1, 2, 5-7 in others like bandicoots and camels.
- HEV contaminates food products (fruit, shellfish, crops) and environments via infected water.
- Environmental spillover from wild animals to domestic animals, then to humans, amplifies HEV transmission.
Conclusions:
- HEV circulates via asymptomatic wild hosts, spilling over into domestic animals and amplifying human disease.
- Further research is needed on viral determinants of cross-species infection and HEV's impact on food, environment, and human health.
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