Dietary Bioactives and Physical Activity in the Regulation of Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Cognitive Decline

Aging and neurodegenerative disorders are distinguished by dysfunction within the hippocampus, resulting in compromised spatial memory and cognitive deterioration. The modulation of neurogenesis and neuroinflammation has surfaced as a promising strategy to restore hippocampal functionality and enhance cognitive capabilities. Natural substances, encompassing polyphenols, flavonoids, and various bioactive compounds, display neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, whereas physical exercise promotes neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and anti-inflammatory pathways. Recent findings indicate that the integration of dietary modifications alongside regular physical activity yields synergistic advantages for preserving cerebral health and alleviating cognitive decline. This review consolidates existing knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms by which natural substances and physical activity impact hippocampal neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. It emphasizes critical pathways, including the regulation of neurotrophic factors, reduction of oxidative stress, and modulation of inflammatory cytokines, which collectively underpin cognitive functionality. Through the amalgamation of nutritional and lifestyle interventions, this methodology presents prospective preventive and therapeutic advantages for geriatric demographics and individuals afflicted with neurodegenerative conditions. Comprehending the intricate relationship between dietary habits and physical activity in relation to cerebral health may facilitate the formulation of accessible, non-pharmacological strategies aimed at augmenting hippocampal functionality, safeguarding memory retention, and enhancing overall cognitive efficacy.