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Updated: Mar 12, 2026

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Neurodevelopmental Trajectories at 3 Years: Insights From the NASCITA Italian Birth Cohort

Giulia Segre1, Elisa Roberti1, Rita Campi1

  • 1Department of Medical Epidemiology, Laboratory of Child Health and Development Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy, marionegri.it.

International Journal of Pediatrics
|March 11, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Identifying early warning signs (WS) in children is crucial for developmental disorders. While many signs resolve, persistent WS linked to maternal age and unemployment highlight risks. Reading aloud offers protection.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Early childhood development is significantly impacted by stressful life events.
  • Timely intervention for developmental disorders requires early identification of warning signs (WS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify warning signs (WS) for developmental disorders in early childhood.
  • To determine risk factors and protective practices associated with developmental warning signs.

Main Methods:

  • Neurodevelopmental assessment of 148 children using the CDC's Learn the Signs, Act Early Milestones checklist.
  • Parental completion of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ).
  • Univariate and multivariate analyses to assess associations between WS and various factors.

Main Results:

  • 14% of children exhibited WS at 36 months, a decrease from 15.8% at 24 months.
  • Two-thirds of WS resolved between 24 and 36 months; 5% were persistent.
  • Older maternal age and maternal unemployment were significant risk factors for WS.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous monitoring of WS is essential.
  • Positive parental practices, such as reading aloud, can mitigate developmental risks.
  • Primary care practitioners play a vital role in early identification and intervention for developmental concerns.
Abstract

Keywords:
child developmentcohort studyearly interventionneurodevelopmental disordersrisk factorswarning signs

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