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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Façade-Level Monitoring of CO2 Variability under Urban Heat Island Conditions using Low-Cost Sensor Data Loggers
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Low-cost solar-powered urban soundscape sensor.

Lion Cassens1, Maarten Kroesen1, Simeon Calvert2

  • 1Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Jaffalaan 5, 2628 BX Delft, the Netherlands.

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Summary

This study introduces an open-source, off-grid sound sensor for monitoring noise pollution. The new device measures loudness and other key noise metrics, offering a cost-effective, sustainable solution for urban environmental health.

Keywords:
Edge AINoise pollutionSoundscape

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Acoustics Engineering
  • Open Hardware Development

Background:

  • Noise pollution poses significant risks to public health and well-being, necessitating robust monitoring systems.
  • Existing sound monitoring solutions often rely on grid power, offer limited metrics beyond loudness, and are prohibitively expensive.
  • Current limitations hinder widespread and effective noise pollution mitigation strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate an open-source, off-grid sound sensor system for comprehensive noise pollution monitoring.
  • To overcome the limitations of existing sound level meters, including power dependence, limited metrics, and high costs.
  • To provide a flexible and extensible platform for measuring various acoustic parameters and urban sound events.

Main Methods:

  • Designed an open hardware sensor utilizing an ESP32-S3 microcontroller on a custom PCB with integrated solar charging and battery management.
  • Incorporated a real-time clock for precise timekeeping and LoRaWAN for remote data transmission of aggregated metrics.
  • Implemented firmware capable of detecting eleven urban sound events, calculating acoustic sharpness, and intermittency ratio, with data logging to microSD card.

Main Results:

  • The developed sensor operates independently of mains power using solar energy and rechargeable batteries (Li-Ion or LiFePo4).
  • Lab validation demonstrated accuracy within 2 dB of a calibrated sound level meter for a 1 kHz test tone.
  • The system successfully measures loudness, acoustic sharpness, intermittency ratio, and identifies common urban sound events.

Conclusions:

  • The open-source, off-grid sound sensor offers a viable, cost-effective, and sustainable alternative for noise pollution monitoring.
  • The system's modular design and open firmware facilitate customization and expansion for diverse acoustic monitoring applications.
  • This technology enables remote, long-term environmental noise assessment, supporting public health initiatives and urban planning.