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Kill two birds with one stone: Reprogramming tumor microenvironment with growth differentiation factor 11

Han-Ying Huang1, Lin Tian2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou 500060, Guangdong Province, China.

World Journal of Gastroenterology
|March 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) can re-educate immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This GDF11 treatment switches macrophages to an anti-tumor state, reducing HCC aggressiveness and metastasis.

Keywords:
Cancer invasionGrowth differentiation factor 11Hepatocellular carcinomaM1/M2 polarizationTumor-associated macrophage

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