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Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...

Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

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Updated: May 6, 2026

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Return to Sport After ACL Reconstruction: Hamstring Tendons vs Patellar Tendon A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Fabrizio Mocini^1,2, Katia Corona³, Michele Mercurio⁴

¹Casa di Cura Villa Betania, Rome, Italy.

Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review

|March 11, 2026

Summary

Bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) and hamstring tendon (HT) grafts are common for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in young athletes. This review found BTB grafts may offer better return to sport rates and lower re-rupture risk, though not statistically significant.

Keywords:

anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft hamstring tendon autograft return to sport sport injury young athletes

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Harvesting of Peroneus Longus Tendon Autograft

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Harvesting of Peroneus Longus Tendon Autograft

Harvesting of Peroneus Longus Tendon Autograft

Published on: September 2, 2025

Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Sports Medicine
Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a frequent and severe injury among young athletes.
Autograft reconstruction, particularly using bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) and hamstring tendon (HT) grafts, is the standard surgical treatment.
The choice between BTB and HT grafts impacts patient outcomes and return to sport.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review and compare the efficacy of BTB versus HT autografts in primary ACL reconstruction for young athletes.
To evaluate and contrast overall return to sport (RTS) rates, return to preinjury levels, and graft re-rupture rates between the two graft types.

Main Methods:

A systematic review of 30 studies was performed.
Data from 5871 patient-athletes (1684 BTB, 4187 HT) undergoing primary ACL reconstruction were analyzed.
Outcomes assessed included overall RTS, return to preinjury level, and re-rupture rates.

Main Results:

The overall return to sport (RTS) rate was 73.8%, with an overall re-rupture rate of 4.2%.
The bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) autograft group showed trends toward higher RTS and return to preinjury levels, alongside a lower re-rupture rate compared to the hamstring tendon (HT) autograft group.
These observed differences between BTB and HT autografts did not achieve statistical significance.

Conclusions:

Both BTB and HT autografts are utilized for ACL reconstruction in young athletes, with comparable overall outcomes in this review.
While trends favored BTB grafts for improved functional recovery and reduced re-injury, further research with statistical power is needed to confirm these findings.
The selection of graft type should consider individual patient factors and surgeon expertise.