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Related Concept Videos

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties01:22

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties

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Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...
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The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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Biological agents offer an effective means of controlling microbial growth by leveraging natural processes like predation, competition, and the secretion of antimicrobial substances.Predatory bacteria such as Bdellovibrio species target and kill pathogens like Salmonella and E. coli. They are widely used in poultry farms to control infections. Myxococcus species help combat plant-pathogenic fungi. These naturally occurring predators serve as eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides and...
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EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...
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Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

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In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes with eDNA-Degrading Activity for Combating Gram-Positive Bacterial Biofilms.

Yongchun Li1, Changyan Zhou1, Mengling Liu1

  • 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528458, P. R. China.

ACS Infectious Diseases
|March 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

New iridium complexes target bacterial extracellular DNA (eDNA) to combat antibiotic-resistant biofilms. One complex, Ir2, effectively disrupts biofilms and promotes wound healing in preclinical models.

Keywords:
antibacterialbiofilmextracellular DNAgram-positive bacteriairidium complexlipoteichoic acid

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Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Antimicrobial Drug Discovery
  • Bacterial Biofilm Research

Background:

  • Biofilm-associated infections present a major clinical challenge due to high antibiotic resistance.
  • Extracellular DNA (eDNA) is crucial for bacterial adhesion and biofilm structural integrity.
  • Targeting eDNA offers a novel strategy to disrupt biofilms and eradicate resistant bacteria.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize novel cyclometalated iridium complexes targeting Gram-positive bacteria and their biofilms.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of these complexes in disrupting biofilm structure and eliminating bacteria.
  • To investigate the mechanism of action and therapeutic potential of the most active complex.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of four cyclometalated iridium complexes (Ir1-4).
  • Assessment of antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and biofilm disruption.
  • Mechanism of action studies including membrane damage, DNA degradation, and metabolomics.
  • In vivo efficacy evaluation in a Staphylococcus aureus biofilm wound infection murine model.

Main Results:

  • The iridium complex Ir2 demonstrated potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria by damaging cell membranes and genomic DNA.
  • Ir2 effectively penetrated and disrupted Staphylococcus aureus biofilms by degrading eDNA, facilitating bacterial eradication.
  • Metabolomics revealed Ir2 induces metabolic dysregulation, including inhibited amino acid synthesis and DNA damage.
  • Topical Ir2 application significantly suppressed S. aureus biofilm infections in murine wound models, promoting healing.

Conclusions:

  • Cyclometalated iridium complexes, particularly Ir2, show significant potential as novel agents against biofilm infections.
  • Targeting eDNA with Ir2 offers a promising strategy to overcome antibiotic resistance in biofilms.
  • This study provides a foundation for developing eDNA-targeting antimicrobials for challenging infections.