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Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

Published on: March 12, 2016

Optic Nerve Head Spatial Transcriptomic Change in Nonhuman Primate Early Experimental Glaucoma.

Galen Williams^1,2, Jinho Lee^3,4, Gabriel Zangirolani³

¹Optic Nerve Head Research Laboratory, Legacy Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States.

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science

|March 11, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Early experimental glaucoma in non-human primates shows decreased myelin and altered collagen expression in the optic nerve head. These changes, particularly myelin gene downregulation, occur in specific regions, offering insights into glaucoma pathogenesis.

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Last Updated: Mar 12, 2026

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Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents

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Published on: February 15, 2022

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Neuroscience
Molecular Biology

Background:

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness.
Optic nerve head (ONH) structural integrity is crucial for vision.
Understanding early molecular changes in the ONH is vital for developing effective glaucoma therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate changes in optic nerve head (ONH) laminar collagen and retrolaminar myelin expression in non-human primate (NHP) experimental glaucoma (EG).
To utilize immunohistochemistry (IHC) and spatial transcriptomics to analyze these molecular alterations.

Main Methods:

Unilateral experimental glaucoma was induced in NHPs (n=3).
Optic nerve heads were processed for IHC and spatial transcriptomics.
Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and axon loss were quantified.

Main Results:

Immunohistochemistry revealed decreased CNPase (myelin marker) in the retrolaminar ONH in early EG.
Spatial transcriptomics showed downregulation of multiple myelin genes in the retrolaminar region.
Collagen genes and TGFβ1 were altered in the laminar region; inflammatory pathways were upregulated.

Conclusions:

Spatial transcriptomics identified distinct molecular profiles across ONH regions (prelaminar, laminar, retrolaminar).
Early glaucoma involves myelin gene downregulation and protein decrease, confirmed by IHC.
These findings illuminate early myelin disruption and spatial molecular dynamics in NHP glaucoma, aiding therapeutic development.