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Related Concept Videos

Calculation of Electric Flux01:25

Calculation of Electric Flux

Consider the electric field of an oppositely charged, parallel-plate system and an imaginary box between those plates. Let the bottom face of the box be ABCD, and the top face be FGHK. The electric field between the plates is uniform and points from the positive plate toward the negative plate. The calculation of this field's flux through the box's various faces shows that the net flux through the box is zero. Why does the flux cancel out here?
Electric Field of a Charged Disk01:23

Electric Field of a Charged Disk

The simplest case of a surface charge distribution is the uniformly charged disk. Calculating its electric field also helps us calculate the electric field of a large plane of charge.
The system's symmetry is in the cylindrical directions across the plane of the charge. As a result, the electric fields created by various surface charge elements nullify each other in the direction parallel to the surface. Thereby, the resulting electric field is perpendicular to the plane. Since the disk is...
Electric Field of Parallel Conducting Plates01:16

Electric Field of Parallel Conducting Plates

Gauss' law relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the net charge enclosed by that surface. Gauss's law can be applied to find the electric field and the charge enclosed in a region depending on its charge distribution.
Consider a cross-section of a thin, infinite conducting plate having a positive charge. For such a large thin plate, as the thickness of the plate tends to zero, the positive charges lie on the plate's two large faces. Without an external electric field, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2026

Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation
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Functional Assessment of Hemifacial Spasm Using a Whole-Face Surface Electromyography Electrode Array.

Guangfa Xiang, Jianwei Xia, Xinling Wei

    IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : a Publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
    |March 11, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    Surface electromyography (sEMG) offers a new, non-invasive method to evaluate hemifacial spasm (HFS). This technique reveals compensatory muscle activity, aiding in objective HFS severity assessment.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Clinical Electrophysiology

    Background:

    • Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a challenging neuromuscular condition impacting facial movement.
    • Current diagnostic methods like electromyography (EMG) have limitations due to invasiveness and resolution.
    • Objective assessment tools are needed to quantify HFS severity and understand its pathophysiology.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate facial muscle activity in HFS patients using a whole-face surface EMG (sEMG) technique.
    • To explore the utility of sEMG topographic mapping for analyzing midfacial muscle coordination.
    • To provide an objective method for quantifying HFS severity and abnormal coactivation patterns.

    Main Methods:

    • Recruited twenty HFS patients for whole-face sEMG recordings.
    • Measured muscle activity (RMS, MDF) in frontalis, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, mentalis, and midfacial muscles.
    • Utilized stretchable sEMG electrode arrays for topographic mapping of midfacial muscle activity.

    Main Results:

    • Significantly higher RMS in the affected frontalis muscle compared to the unaffected side (P <0.001).
    • sEMG topographic map showed a significant shift in horizontal center of gravity (CoGx) towards the midline on the affected side during teeth-showing task (P <0.05).
    • Lower entropy on the affected side during cheek-showing task indicated altered muscle coordination (P <0.05).

    Conclusions:

    • sEMG effectively captures compensatory mechanisms in HFS patients.
    • Whole-face sEMG and topographic mapping provide objective quantification of HFS severity.
    • This technique offers a valuable, non-invasive tool for evaluating abnormal facial muscle coactivation in HFS.