Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: Immunoregulatory Roles and Therapeutic Prospects in Immune-Mediated Hematological...

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells that have been increasingly defined and characterized over the past two decades, known for their remarkable capacity to expand and exert immunosuppressive effects in various pathological contexts, such as malignancies, infections, and inflammatory diseases. Although MDSCs have attracted significant attention in tumor immunology, their multifaceted roles in immune-mediated hematological disorders remain comparatively understudied and less understood, especially in contrast to their well-documented functions in both solid and hematological malignancies. This review delves into the biological characteristics and functional mechanisms of MDSCs, as well as their dual immunomodulatory roles in various immune-mediated hematological disorders such as immune thrombocytopenia and aplastic anemia. Substantial evidence indicates that in these diseases, the expansion, recruitment, and function of MDSCs are significantly altered, with their levels closely correlated to disease activity. Based on these findings, we further explore the therapeutic potential of targeting MDSCs. Manipulating MDSCs offers a pioneering perspective for the development of next-generation immunotherapies, which holds promise for reshaping the current treatment landscape of immune-mediated hematological disorders.