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Automatic processing refers to the cognitive operations that occur without conscious intent or awareness, playing a fundamental role in shaping social cognition and behavior. These processes enable individuals to navigate complex social environments efficiently by relying on mental shortcuts and pre-existing knowledge structures known as schemas. One of the most influential mechanisms underlying automatic processing is priming, which subtly activates mental representations through exposure to...
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Subliminal perception refers to the processing of sensory information that occurs below the level of conscious awareness. Researchers study subliminal perception by presenting a stimulus, such as a word or image, very quickly, typically around 50 milliseconds. This rapid presentation is often followed by another stimulus, such as a pattern of dots or lines, which blocks further mental processing of the initial stimulus. As a result, if participants cannot identify the initial stimulus better...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

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Unconscious semantic processing: Insights from metaphorical priming.

Chiara Saponaro1, Andrea Nadalini2, Daniel Casasanto3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, Milano 20126, Italy.

Consciousness and Cognition
|March 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Consciousness is necessary for processing metaphorical meanings, even common ones. Unconscious semantic priming may be limited to lexical associations rather than deeper conceptual understanding.

Keywords:
Masked primingNumbersSpatial metaphorsTimeUnconscious semantic processing

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • The extent of unconscious semantic processing is debated.
  • Prior research offers conflicting views on subliminal word representation accessibility.
  • This study investigates which semantic aspects are processed unconsciously.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if high-level semantic information, specifically metaphorical relations, can be processed unconsciously.
  • To explore the conditions under which unconscious semantic processing occurs.
  • To differentiate between conceptual and lexical unconscious priming.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments using masked and unmasked semantic priming.
  • Investigated space-time and space-number metaphorical mappings.
  • Utilized language-encoded vs. non-language-encoded associations (sagittal/vertical vs. lateral mappings).

Main Results:

  • Conscious perception of primes and targets activated metaphorical mappings.
  • Masked priming only activated associations present in language.
  • Ubiquitous metaphorical associations require conscious processing.

Conclusions:

  • Consciousness is essential for processing even overlearned metaphorical associations.
  • Unconscious semantic priming effects may be primarily lexical.
  • Limits of unconscious semantic processing are more constrained than previously thought.