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Mode Effects Between Telephone and Web Interviews in the Post-COVID-19 Questionnaire Survey CoVerlauf: Exploratory
Paula Sofia Herrera-Espejel1,2, Hermann Pohlabeln3, Lisa Kühne4
1Department of Epidemiological Methods and Etiological Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Achterstr. 30, Bremen, 28359, Germany, 49 (0)42121856 ext 841.
JMIR Human Factors
|March 11, 2026
Summary
Computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) led to more reported post-COVID-19 symptoms compared to computer-assisted website interviewing (CAWI). However, both methods yielded similar overall study findings, indicating no significant bias in the CoVerlauf study.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
- Survey Methodology
Background:
- Concurrent mixed-mode data collection designs can introduce mode-specific biases.
- This study examined mode effects between computer-assisted website interviewing (CAWI) and computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) within the CoVerlauf study.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze associations between interview mode choice (CAWI vs. CATI) and participant characteristics.
- To investigate the impact of interview mode on reporting of post-COVID-19 symptoms using multiple-choice (MC) and free-text items.
- To assess selection and measurement effects related to symptom reporting in a mixed-mode survey.
Main Methods:
- Secondary analysis of CoVerlauf study data.
- Statistical analyses included multiple logistic regression, mixed-effects logistic regression, and gamma generalized linear models.
- The back-door method was employed to analyze selection and measurement effects in symptom counts.
Main Results:
- CATI was associated with higher odds of reporting more symptoms, particularly via free-text responses.
- Older age, higher symptom counts at infection, and pre-existing conditions increased odds of CATI selection.
- Significant selection and measurement effects were observed, contributing to higher symptom counts reported via CATI.
Conclusions:
- CATI interviews resulted in a higher number of reported symptoms compared to CAWI.
- Both selection and measurement effects influenced the increased symptom reporting in CATI.
- Despite mode differences in symptom reporting, overall study findings in CoVerlauf remained unaffected.
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