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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

17.0K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research01:21

EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research

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Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells are excellent models for disease research because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate into most cell types. Somatic cells from a patient are isolated and reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs. These iPSCs are later differentiated into the desired cell type, which mirrors the diseased cell of the patient. In this way, disease models have been created for investigating diseases such as Down syndrome, type I diabetes,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol
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In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol

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From Treg, FOXP3 to RBPJ: Linking basic science and clinical medicine.

Lung-Fang Chen1, Chung-Jen Chen2

  • 1Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
|March 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regulatory T cells (Treg) and the FOXP3 gene are crucial for immune tolerance. Treg-based therapies show promise for autoimmune diseases, pregnancy loss, and graft-versus-host disease.

Keywords:
Forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3)Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)Implantation failureIn vitro-induced Tregs (iTreg)Pregnancy lossRecombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin Kappa J region (RBPJ)Regulatory T cells (Treg)Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)Ulcerative colitis (UC)

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In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Regulatory T cells (Treg) and the FOXP3 gene are key to peripheral tolerance.
  • Treg dysfunction is implicated in autoimmune diseases like SLE, UC, and GVHD.
  • Abnormal Treg function is linked to pregnancy complications such as recurrent pregnancy loss and preterm birth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the discovery and clinical significance of Tregs and FOXP3.
  • To explore the role of Tregs in various diseases and pregnancy outcomes.
  • To discuss potential Treg-based therapies and novel regulatory mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Treg and FOXP3 research.
  • Analysis of clinical studies on Treg involvement in diseases.
  • Discussion of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and RBPJ gene regulation of FOXP3.

Main Results:

  • Treg and FOXP3 discoveries have advanced understanding of immune tolerance.
  • Treg abnormalities are associated with autoimmune diseases, GVHD, and pregnancy complications.
  • Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) may influence Treg function.
  • RBPJ gene regulates FOXP3 in induced Tregs (iTregs).

Conclusions:

  • Treg-based therapy offers significant potential for treating autoimmune diseases, GVHD, and pregnancy loss.
  • Further research into Treg regulation and function is warranted.
  • Targeting Tregs could revolutionize treatments for immune-related disorders.