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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

4D Imaging of Protein Aggregation in Live Cells

4D Imaging of Protein Aggregation in Live Cells

Published on: April 5, 2013

A large-scale coherent 4D imaging sensor.

Francesca Fabiana Settembrini¹, Arif Can Gungor¹, Andres Forrer¹

¹Pointcloud GmbH, Zürich, Switzerland.

|March 12, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a large-scale, coherent 4D imaging camera using a 352x176-pixel frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) focal plane array (FPA). This advanced sensor enables detailed 3D mapping and velocity measurement for machines and human-machine interaction.

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Area of Science:

Photonics and Optoelectronics
Robotics and Machine Vision
Sensor Technology

Background:

Accurate 3D mapping is crucial for machine interaction and human-machine interfaces.
Existing 3D sensing solutions face challenges in scalability, performance, and reliability.
Frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors offer potential for 3D mapping and velocity measurement.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a large-scale, coherent LiDAR focal plane array (FPA) for 4D imaging.
To demonstrate a high-performance, scalable solution for 3D dynamic environment mapping.
To enable ubiquitous, low-cost, compact coherent 4D imaging cameras.

Main Methods:

Development of a 352x176-pixel 2D FMCW LiDAR FPA with over 0.6 million photonic components integrated on-chip.
Implementation of a monostatic pixel architecture with coherent detectors and electronics.
Utilized in-plane thermo-optic switches and an integrated serial digital interface for optical switching and synchronized readout.

Main Results:

Achieved a fivefold increase in pixel count compared to previous demonstrations.
Acquired point clouds of objects from 4 to 65 meters.
Demonstrated per-pixel integration times compatible with frame rates of 3 to 15 frames per second.

Conclusions:

The developed FMCW LiDAR FPA enables large-scale, coherent 4D imaging.
This technology addresses the need for scalable, high-performance 3D sensing solutions.
The findings pave the way for ubiquitous, low-cost, compact 4D imaging cameras.