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Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

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In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded...
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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
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Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Immunoglobulin Gene Sequence Analysis In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: From Patient Material To Sequence Interpretation
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Short and complex-Telomeres and genomes in CLL.

Billy Michael Chelliah Jebaraj1, Stephan Stilgenbauer1

  • 1Division of CLL, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.

British Journal of Haematology
|March 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Short telomeres are linked to poor-risk factors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with complex karyotype. Shorter telomere length predicts faster time to treatment, highlighting its role in CLL risk stratification.

Keywords:
chronic lymphocytic leukaemiacomplex karyotypetelomeres

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From a 2DE-Gel Spot to Protein Function: Lesson Learned From HS1 in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Oncology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with complex karyotype (CK) is a high-risk group often resistant to treatment.
  • Identifying reliable prognostic markers is crucial for managing CK CLL patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between telomere length and clinical-genomic features in a cohort of CLL patients.
  • To evaluate telomere length as a prognostic biomarker for treatment initiation in CLL, particularly in high-risk subgroups.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a patient cohort enriched for CK CLL.
  • Assessment of telomere length and its correlation with genetic markers like unmutated IGHV, del(11q)/del(17p), and genomic complexity.
  • Evaluation of time to first treatment (TTFT) in relation to telomere length.

Main Results:

  • Short telomeres were associated with poor-risk characteristics including unmutated IGHV, del(11q)/del(17p), and chromothripsis in CK CLL.
  • Shorter telomere length correlated with a reduced TTFT in the overall cohort and specifically in patients with CK or del(17p).
  • Telomere length emerged as an independent prognostic factor in multivariable analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Telomere length is a significant biomarker associated with adverse prognostic features in CLL.
  • Short telomeres are predictive of a shorter time to treatment, supporting their utility in risk stratification for CLL patients.