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Light Acquisition02:16

Light Acquisition

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In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
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Races of the wheat stem rust pathogen in Ethiopia during 2014-2022.

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Wheat stem rust (Pgt) races in Ethiopia are shifting, with new virulent strains emerging. Ethiopian wheat cultivars show limited resistance, highlighting the need for resistant varieties and ongoing surveillance to prevent epidemics.

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Causal AgentCrop TypeField cropsFungiPathogen diversitySubject Areascereals and grains

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Pathology
  • Agricultural Science
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Wheat stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), poses a significant threat to global wheat production and food security.
  • Ethiopia's wheat sector is particularly vulnerable due to the persistent presence and evolution of Pgt.
  • The 2013 stem rust epidemic underscored the need to understand current Pgt population dynamics and wheat cultivar vulnerability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the virulence and genetic diversity of the Pgt population in Ethiopia.
  • To assess the susceptibility of Ethiopian bread wheat cultivars to prevalent Pgt races.
  • To identify potential sources of new Pgt races and understand their evolutionary pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 639 stem rust samples collected from 2014-2022 in Ethiopia.
  • Identification of 21 Pgt races from 722 single-pustule isolates.
  • Virulence profiling using seedling assays on 101 Ethiopian bread wheat cultivars against six prevailing Pgt races.

Main Results:

  • Significant temporal shifts in the Pgt population were observed, with exotic race introductions and selection pressure playing roles.
  • Dominant races evolved from TKTTF to TTRTF, TKKTF, TTKTT, and TTKTF between 2014 and 2022.
  • Ethiopian bread wheat cultivars exhibited varied resistance, with only 36% and 48% resistant to races TTKTT and TTKSK, respectively.
  • Evidence suggests sexual recombination near Berberis holstii contributed to new races, and Ug99 variants may have entered from Kenya.
  • The deployment of Sr24 may have facilitated the spread of race TTKTT.

Conclusions:

  • The Ethiopian Pgt population is dynamic, with ongoing evolution and potential for new race emergence.
  • Current Ethiopian bread wheat cultivars possess limited resistance to the prevailing Pgt races.
  • Integrated strategies involving breeding for pyramided resistance genes and continuous pathogen monitoring are crucial for managing wheat stem rust in Ethiopia and globally.